外博词典，懂英语单词快速记忆法的在线英语词典

英语单词wife现在一般用来表示“妻子”，但在古代，它的本意是woman（妇女）。在一些由它构成的复合词中我们还能看到它的这种含义，如midwife（产婆）、alewife（啤酒店老板娘）、housewife（家庭主妇）、fishwife（卖鱼妇）等。并且，单词woman本身就是由wife+man构成的，原本拼写为wifman。“妻子”之意原本是wife的一个特殊含义，在现代英语中反而成为了它的主要含义。

wife 妻子

来自古英语wif，女人，女士，妻子，来自Proto-Germanic*wiban，可能来自PIE*webh，弯，转，纺织，词源同weave，web。引申义男耕女织，女人，妻子。参见woman.

Etymology

wife (n.)

Middle English wif, wyf, from Old English wif (neuter) "woman, female, lady," also, but not especially, "wife," from Proto-Germanic *wīfa- (source also of Old Saxon, Old Frisian wif, Old Norse vif, Danish and Swedish viv, Middle Dutch, Dutch wijf, Old High German wib, German Weib), of uncertain origin and disputed etymology, not found in Gothic.

Apparently felt as inadequate in its basic sense, leading to the more distinctive formation wifman (source of woman). Dutch wijf now means, in slang, "girl, babe," having softened somewhat from earlier sense of "bitch." The Modern German cognate (Weib) also tends to be slighting or derogatory; Middle High German wip in early medieval times was "woman, female person," vrouwe (Frau) being retained for "woman of gentle birth, lady;" but from c. 1200 wip "took on a common, almost vulgar tone that restricted its usage in certain circles" and largely has been displaced by Frau.

The more usual Indo-European word is represented in English by queen/quean. Words for "woman" also double for "wife" in some languages. Some proposed PIE roots for wife include *weip- "to twist, turn, wrap," perhaps with sense of "veiled person" (see vibrate); and more recently *ghwibh-, a proposed root meaning "shame," also "pudenda," but the only examples of it would be the Germanic words and Tocharian (a lost IE language of central Asia) kwipe, kip "female pudenda."

The modern sense of "female spouse" began as a specialized sense in Old English; the general sense of "woman" is preserved in midwife, old wives' tale, etc. Middle English sense of "mistress of a household" survives in housewife; and the later restricted sense of "tradeswoman of humble rank" in fishwife. By 1883 as "passive partner in a homosexual couple." Wife-swapping is attested from 1954.